Glucagon

approved hormone metabolicendocrine mass-verified

246 heavy atoms · 477 bonds · drag to pan, scroll to zoom C153O49N43S1

Skeletal structure drawn from the computed atomic coordinates in PubChem CID 16132283. Carbons are implicit vertices, hydrogens on carbon suppressed. Every atom sits where PubChem placed it.

Sequence

HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT

His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr

hydrophobic
positive
negative
polar
aromatic
glycine
proline
cysteine

Computed backbone mass 3482.79 Da agrees with PubChem's reported 3482.7 Da (Δ 0.09 Da). Two independent sources agree on the primary structure.

Molecular data

Chemical fields come from the PubChem compound record; computed values are derived from the sequence shown above.
molecular formula	C153H225N43O49S
molecular weight	3482.7 Da (PubChem)
computed backbone mass	3482.79 Da
length	29 residues
net charge (pH 7.4)	0
mean hydropathy	-0.99
half-life	not characterised
delivery route	subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal
PubChem CID	16132283
PDB	1GCN
UniProt parent	P01275

Mechanism

Glucagon receptor agonist; raises hepatic glucose output.

Reported targets: GCGR

Experimental structure

α-carbon backbone trace rendered from the deposited coordinates of PDB 1GCN. This is measured structure, not a prediction.

Helical wheel

Residues projected at 100° per turn, the standard α-helix rotation. Shown because helicity in this peptide is described in the cited literature.

Position in the parent protein

exact match at residues 53–81 of Pro-glucagon (180 aa)

…KSRSFSASQADPLSDPDQMNEDKRHSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTKRNRNNIAKRHDEFERHAEGTFTS…

Parent sequence from UniProt P01275. Cleaved from proglucagon, which also yields GLP-1 and GLP-2.

Reported effects

Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide.

Reported observations and the corpus they are drawn from.
reported outcome	where it appears
glucose elevation	Lower glucagon response and attenuated hepatic glucagon signaling in MASLD Diabetes & metabolism 2026
energy expenditure	Stathmin-2 mediates paracrine hormone regulation of glucagon through lysosom… The Journal of physiology 2026

Registered trials

Records from ClinicalTrials.gov. Listed for reference — this project sponsors no trial and is not involved in any of them.
NCT	title	status	phase
NCT07487090	Fasted vs. Fed State Exercise	RECRUITING	PHASE2
NCT03200782	Postprandial Hypoglycemia in Patients After Bariatric Surgery With Empagliflozin and Anakinr	COMPLETED	NA
NCT02280174	Effect of Linagliptin on TRL Metabolism	UNKNOWN	PHASE4
NCT03230123	Effects of Green Banana BIOmass Consumption in Patients With Pre-diabetes and Diabetes MELli	UNKNOWN	NA
NCT04260035	The Effects of a Long-lasting Infusion of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in Episodic Mi	COMPLETED	NA

Literature (8)

Lower glucagon response and attenuated hepatic glucagon signaling in MASLD — Diabetes & metabolism 2026